What is PPID (or Cushing’s disease) in horses?

PPID, short for Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction, is a common hormonal disorder in horses (typically older ones). This condition was formerly known mainly as “Cushing’s disease,” by analogy with similar disorders in humans and other animal species. However, there are also significant differences.

Causes of PPID (Cushing’s) in horses

In horses, the cause lies in the brain (specifically the pituitary gland). This differs from, for example, dogs, where the cause lies in the adrenal glands.

Symptoms of Cushing’s disease (PPID) in horses

As this is a general disorder, symptoms can affect the whole body. In addition to muscle loss over the back and difficulty shedding at the end of winter (see photo), changes are often seen in the mouth, particularly in the oral mucosa.

Your horse’s "peripheral resistance" is reduced, increasing the risk of various diseases.

Link between Cushing’s (PPID) and dental health in horses

Regular dental check-ups and monitoring of blood values (ACTH) are recommended, along with medical treatment where possible.

From a dental perspective, PPID increases the risk of periodontitis, excessive tooth mobility, and sinusitis.

How do I know if my horse has Cushing’s disease (PPID)?

Through a blood test performed by your veterinarian (ACTH levels). Note: this is not part of a standard blood panel. Also, the sample must be analyzed quickly, so inform your vet in advance so the lab can receive it as soon as possible.

Caution: false-negative results are possible, especially if the horse is tested at the wrong time of year or under stress. We recommend testing at the end of summer/beginning of autumn, under calm conditions.

FAQ

1. What is PPID (Cushing’s disease) in horses?
PPID stands for Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction, a hormonal disorder in horses (especially older ones). While often called “Cushing’s disease,” its origin is in the pituitary gland rather than the adrenal glands.

2. What are the symptoms, and how is PPID diagnosed?
Symptoms may include muscle loss along the back, trouble shedding hair, changes to oral mucosa, and increased susceptibility to disease, laminitis. Diagnosis is made via ACTH blood test ordered by your veterinarian, ideally during calm conditions and at the appropriate time of year (end summer, autumn).

3. How does PPID affect a horse’s dental health?
PPID increases the risk of periodontal disease, excessive tooth mobility, and sinusitis. Therefore, periodic dental exams, monitoring of ACTH levels, and medical treatment when needed are strongly recommended.